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Convert text to lowercase or uppercase

harmlessText processingalle
Adjust the values, the command updates live
user@server
tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < domains.txt

Replaces each uppercase letter with the corresponding lowercase letter and prints the result to the console. For the opposite direction, swap the two classes. Handy before sort -u, so that Example.com and example.com are recognized as the same.

Note: GNU tr works byte by byte and leaves non-ASCII letters such as Ä or Ö in UTF-8 unchanged. For text containing such characters, sed 's/.*/\L&/' is the more reliable option.

Also searched as

  • convert text to lowercase linux
  • tr uppercase to lowercase
  • normalize case of domain list

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Convert a certificate and key from PEM to PFX

$openssl pkcs12 -export -out example.com.pfx -inkey example.com.key -in example.com.crt -certfile chain.pem
cautionSSL and certificates

Convert a PFX file to PEM with certificate and key

$openssl pkcs12 -in example.com.pfx -out example.com.pem -nodes
cautionSSL and certificates

Align output as a table with column

$column -t -s ':' /etc/passwd
harmlessText processing

Calculate the average, minimum and maximum of a column

$awk -v c=2 'NR == 1 {min = max = $c} {s += $c; if ($c < min) min = $c; if ($c > max) max = $c} END {if (NR) printf "n=%d avg=%.2f min=%s max=%s\n", NR, s/NR, min, max}' measurements.txt
harmlessText processing

Compare two lists: what is missing from the second

$comm -23 <(sort -u all-domains.txt) <(sort -u backed-up-domains.txt)
harmlessText processing

Convert a JSON array to CSV with a header row

$jq -r '(.[0] | keys_unsorted) as $k | $k, (.[] | [.[$k[]]]) | @csv' plugins.json > plugins.csv
cautionText processing

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